Controlling the Parameters of Hot - Working Processes

 

 

: During the rolling process of steel, the grain can be effectively refined by reasonably controlling parameters such as rolling temperature, deformation amount, and rolling speed. A lower rolling temperature can inhibit the growth of grains. Because at a low temperature, the diffusion ability of atoms is weakened, and the driving force for grain growth is reduced. At the same time, a larger deformation amount will generate more deformation - stored energy inside the steel, and this energy provides the driving force for the nucleation of new grains. Moreover, an appropriate rolling speed helps to evenly distribute the deformation and promotes grain refinement.

 

 

 

: During forging, an appropriate forging ratio (the ratio of the cross - sectional area before and after forging) can refine the grains inside the steel. When the forging ratio increases, the degree of deformation of the material increases, the original grains are fragmented, and more fine - grained grains are formed. Moreover, the control of forging temperature is also crucial. Forging within an appropriate temperature range can utilize the phenomenon of dynamic recrystallization to refine grains. Dynamic recrystallization refers to the process in which the strain energy accumulated inside the material during the hot - deformation process reaches a certain level, promoting the nucleation and growth of new grains.

 

 

 

: When steel is cooled from a high - temperature state, rapid cooling can inhibit the growth of grains. Because grain growth is a thermally - activated process that requires the diffusion of atoms to be realized. Rapid cooling shortens the time for atom diffusion, so that the grains have no time to grow and are fixed. Moreover, in some cases, rapid cooling may also trigger a non - equilibrium phase transformation and form a fine - grained structure.

 

 

 

 

 

 

KR/R A51 high Strength Chemical Composition
	C			P	S		N
KR/R A51	0.21	0.55	1.70	0.035	0.035	-	0.020
		V
	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

 

 

 

 

 

: In the heat - treatment process of some tool steels, quenching is a commonly - used rapid - cooling method. For example, high - speed steel is rapidly cooled (such as oil - cooling or salt - bath cooling) from the austenitizing temperature (generally between 1200 - 1280 degree ). This can inhibit the growth of austenite grains. At the same time, during the cooling process, due to the large supercooling degree, fine - grained martensite or bainite structures may be formed. These structures have relatively fine - grained grains, thereby improving the hardness and wear - resistance of the tool steel.

 

Adding Trace Elements (Besides Special Grain - Refining Agents)

 

: Although some trace elements are not traditional grain - refining agents, they can play a role of heterogeneous nucleation during the solidification or phase - transformation process of steel, thereby increasing the nucleation rate and refining the grains. For example, rare - earth elements (such as cerium, lanthanum, etc.) can serve as non - spontaneous nucleation cores during the solidification of molten steel and promote grain refinement. They combine with impurity elements such as oxygen and sulfur in the steel to form high - melting - point compounds. These compounds are distributed in the molten steel and provide sites for the nucleation of new grains.

 

 

 

 

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